12 Angry Men: Leadership Essay

In the movie 12 Angry Men there were two primary examples of leadership. The first was in the beginning of the movie, when the foreman gets everyone together in the room and has them sit down, assigning them each a number. He then proceeds to go over the process and rules they will proceed with, and sets up the initial voting. After the initial voting, he has them go around in a circle one by one to discuss the reasons why they voted the way they did. As the film progresses, the leadership shifts towards man number 8, the one who initially voted not guilty. He demonstrates behavioral leadership as he begins to give information and supporting arguments of why there could be reasonable doubt to accuse the boy of murder, while staying calm and collected and involving the team members input in the discussion. He begins standing up and persuasively presenting his arguments, winning the team over one by one. Roles: The two men demonstrating leadership within the group were the two who most demonstrated task roles. The foreman performed task roles when he set up the initial voting and numbering process, and how they would each present one at a time around the circle. Man number 8 played the role of information seeker as he dug deeper into the alleged witness information, questioning the testimony and setting up scenarios to demonstrate that the testimony could have been misleading. He proved over and over again that there was reasonable doubt to the testimony given, as demonstrated when he set up the model of the hallway and walked it like the old man. He also proved reasonable doubt when he brought up the fact that the woman who had allegedly seen the murder through the el-train had worn glasses, and that she most likely was not wearing glasses in bed when she allegedly looked up and saw the murder occur through the window. There were many social roles performed within the group as well. The foreman acted in the role of keeping everyone in line and in turn when things got a little out of hand. Men 3 and 10 were both opinion givers, stating strong preferences against the boy, saying things about how boys who grow up in slums are born criminals. Man number 7 was a compromiser when he opted to change his vote to not guilty because he thought it would get them out of the room quicker, as his only concern was getting to his baseball game. Man number 8 played the role of convincer, as he went through each piece of evidence one by one and breaking down the evidence to prove that there could have been reasonable doubt to whether the boy was the murderer or not. He did this in several ways, such as the presentation of the hallway model and glasses theory discussed in the leadership section, as well as the testimony about the knife that was found, by pulling an identical one out of his pocket and saying he purchased it cheaply two blocks from where the murder took place at a pawn shop. As far as boundary spanning roles, the only boundary spanning that occurred within this group was when man number 8 asked the man outside the room for the evidence of the knife that was used and the model of the apartment that the old man lived in. There were many participation problems within this group as well. There was constant interruption of one another by just about every man in the room. This interrupted the rules that had been set of each man taking a turn in circle presenting their opinions and the support for their opinions. The group did not foster a safe environment for each member to discuss their opinion either. Whenever one man would raise a question about the possibility of reasonable doubt or change their vote to not guilty there would be an uproar, mostly from men numbers 3 and 10. Perhaps another reason the group performed so poorly was because there was no relational development within the group. They were there strictly to perform a task, leading to poor team cohesion and lack of trust among one another. Men number 3 and 10 among others also demonstrated aggression, which led to much of the unhealthy conflict put forth within the group. By choosing aggression over cooperation, they put themselves at an automatic disadvantage within the group, as aggression led to a lack of credibility among those who demonstrated it. The group did not share a common goal, which also led to poor performance. Some team members had alternative motives, such as man number 3 who was showing aggression towards teen boys because of the poor experience he had with his own teenager and man number 7 who wanted to get in and out of the discussion as quickly as possible because he had baseball tickets for that night. The bigotry and grudge against teenage boys prevented men numbers 3 and 10 from being constructive team members and probably should have disqualified them from serving on that jury in the first place. This team dealt with participation problems within the group in a number of ways. One way was that they began sticking up for each other when one man would become aggressive towards another. The group moved away from man number 10 when he went on his rampage about young boys and how they are all criminals, prompting man number 4 to tell him to shut his mouth and not speak again. Decision Making: The 12 angry men were forced into making a consensus decision because that was the only way they could present a verdict to the judge. They used nominal group technique because their decision making was solely task related and required no social relational development. They used a democratic voting system and kept re-voting until the vote was unanimous. They mostly used open voting where each member raised their hand but in one instance did use secret voting where they submitted their decisions via ballot. The consensus approach was not very effective for this group at first given how far apart some group members were on their stances, but given the severity of their decision it was definitely the appropriate approach to use. Power & Influence: Man number 8 demonstrated the most different types of power throughout the debate. He demonstrated informational power at first by providing information about discrepancies in some of the evidence and witness testimony in the case, such as when he brought out the knife he had purchased at a pawn shop near the crime scene for very cheap, demonstrating that it was possible that the knife found at the crime scene was not the one that had belonged to the boy accused of murder. He began to develop referent power as the movie progressed, as one by one he won over the group members until they were all backing him and supporting his case. The foreman began with legitimate power as he was the head of the group and assigned the men their numbers and set the rules for how the discussion would progress, but quickly lost that power as other men began to break the set rules and become unruly. Man number 5 demonstrated expert power when he showed the men how to properly use a switch blade knife, proving that the shorter boy would not have been able to stab downward into his taller father if he was holding the knife properly. Man number 6 demonstrated information power about how loud the passing el-trains were because he worked by one for a couple weeks. Therefore his information was able to discredit the old man’s testimony about having heard the boy scream â€Å"I’m gonna kill you† from the apartment. Man number 9 demonstrated information power about the woman who had supposedly seen the murder occur when he remembered she had been rubbing marks by her nose, meaning that she wore glasses. Man number 4 gave credibility to this theory and said that he did not wear glasses to bed and that nobody would, discrediting the women’s claims to have looked up from bed and seen the murder occur through the windows of the passing el-train. Man number 6 demonstrated coercive power towards man number 3 when man number 3 threatened man number 9, telling man number 3 that if he threatened 9 again he would lay him out. Information power proved to be the most effective in this case because the information presented was really the only factor in changing the men’s votes from guilty to not guilty. Conflict: Task conflict occurred during the decision making process on whether the jury should continue debating the murder or deliver a hung jury verdict. Process conflict occurred when the foreman told man number 10 he could be the leader if he wanted when man number 10 questioned the leadership style of the foreman, to which man number 10 quickly backed down. Another example of process conflict was when man number 8 takes away the tic tac toe game from men numbers 12 and 3, scolding them for playing a game during a serious trial when they should not be taking things lightly. Relational conflict occurred most often during this movie, such as the conflict between men numbers 10 and 5 when man number 10 made a remark about slums and how he didn’t want any part of those people. Man number 5, who had grown up in a slum, became offended and said â€Å"maybe you can still smell the garbage on me. † Relational conflict also occurred when the men dealt with the bigotry of man number 10 by turning their backs on him, and when man number 4 told him to shut his mouth and not speak again. The conflict styles of the jurors differed greatly also. Man number 12 displayed avoidance, particularly when he kept talking about his marketing firm and playing tic tac toe with man number 3. Men numbers 2 and 9 displayed accommodation at the beginning, when they were hesitant to raise their hands for the guilty verdict but seemed to do so because everyone else was. Man number 7 also displayed accommodation when he changed his vote to not guilty later in the movie because he thought it would help get the group out of there faster so he could make his aseball game on time. Men numbers 3 and 10 displayed mostly confrontational conflict style because in order to get their points across they would stand up from the table, yell and scream about their points, and get in the faces and disrespect others who disagreed with them. Man number 8 was the primary one to display collaboration, because he worked well with the other men and the evidence to come to conclusions about the various evidence and testimony presented in the case. Most of the conflicts in this case were not successfully resolved because of the yelling and bigotry that took place between many of the men. At times even the rather calm men who displayed collaboration such as men 2 and 9 began yelling at the others who had started the unhealthy conflict. The more information that was provided and the more conclusions that the men came to about the evidence, the more healthy the conflict styles became save for those of men 3 and 10, who displayed unhealthy conflict styles until the very end of the movie.

Personal Trainer Essay

1. What options does Personal Trainer have for developing a new system? What are some specific issues and options that Susan should consider in making a decision Creating a web site that allows members to login and access information about their personalized fitness program. Susan needs to do some research and find out what internet development environments she wants to use such as web sphere or .net by Microsoft. Susan needs to look at the similarities and differences between the old and new center. 2. Susan has been asked to prepare a system requirements document and deliver a presentation to the management team. What should be the main elements of the system requirements document? Susan needs to create a document that includes an introduction, summary, findings, recommendations, time and cost estimates, expected benefits and an appendix, and maybe to also include charts, graphs, and/or other helpful visuals in the document to support her presentation. 3. Based on the suggestions in Part A of the Systems Analyst’s Toolkit, what visual aids should Susan use during her presentation? Susan should use power point as a visual aid, some flip charts, overhead transparencies, videos, slides, to improve her presentation. She should also prepare a contingency plan in case anything was to happen to her presentation. 4. Susan wants to prepare a presentation that will calculate the total cost of ownership for the system. What financial analysis tools are available to her, and what are the advantages (and possible disadvantages) of each tool? Payback Analysis – is the process of determining how long it takes an information system to pay for itself. The time it takes to recover the systems cost is called the payback period. Susan Can use this tool to see how long it will take to recoup her costs. Return on Investment (ROI) – percentage rate that measures profitability by comparing the total net benefits (return) received from a project to the total costs. Susan can use this tool to calculate how long it will take to see a return on her investments Net Present Value (NPV) – This tool will

Comparison between Manual Gear and Automatic Gear Research Paper

Comparison between Manual Gear and Automatic Gear - Research Paper Example Such a transmission is made up of a series of gears that are used to produce the rotational force needed to turn the wheels of the vehicle. The transmission unit of a car which is commonly called a gear box has gears which transfer power form the engine of the car to its wheels. The transmission has to be equipped with multiple gears in that the car operates on the proper gear in different situations. The gearboxes are of multiple types with the difference being the determinant factor of how a car will operate. There are two main types of gears; manual gear and automatic gears. Modern cars have been equipped with two major transmission options, namely; manual or automatic transmission. There exist a number of differences between these transmission types with regards to their components, how they operate, the advantages and disadvantages associated with them and their applications. This paper is going to look at the differences evident between automatic transmission and manual transmission. A manual gearbox type is a car transmission which permits the driver to choose gears as he or she wishes with the use of a stick shift. For the driver to select the desired gear, the clutch pedal has to be depressed making it unique to cars with manual transmission (Zheng W. Chung et al 2007). This move disengages the gearbox disconnecting it from the engine. Once the desired gear has been chosen through having the shifter moved to the correct position, the clutch is now free and can be released. This action reconnects the gearbox and the engine. Manual transmission can be classified into two types; the constant-mesh type and the sliding-gear design. In the sliding gear design, its main parts are the cluster and drive gear. On each gear is a dog clutch fitted with a hub, a shaft and an outer ring (Zheng W. Chung et al 2007). Synchronizers are also fitted to prevent clashing of the gears. The hub mainly splines the drive gears while

Competition is Better than Cooperation In the Relations Between Essay

Competition is Better than Cooperation In the Relations Between Criminal Justice Agencies - Essay Example Intervention in regard to criminal justice system refers to the process of preventing or reducing the incidence of crime, as well as acts that minimize the potential adverse consequences of convicted offenders in the society (Gough, 2010, p. 22). Similarly, supervision in the criminal justice system is defined as the process of overseeing the tasks and behaviours of the convicted offenders within the correction component of the criminal justice with the view of ensuring that the imposed sanctions yield the desired outcomes. Supervision in the criminal justice system has also been defined as the process of regulating and controlling behaviours of the convicted through restrictions or rules with the aim of ensuring that at the end they can become responsible persons who can easily re-integrate into the society without posing any serious public safety threats (Church, 1985, 456). Over the years, there has been raging debate on whether competition is better than cooperation in relations between criminal justice agencies. The persistent question has been which between competition and cooperation facilitates effective achievement of objectives of the criminal justice agencies, and ultimately those of the criminal justice system. This paper will seek to address this question by focusing on the intervention and supervision stages of the criminal justice process. It will show that indeed competition is better than cooperation in the relations between criminal justice agencies. Customarily, the criminal justice system has not been operating as a coordinated whole. Instead, criminal justice agencies have heavily been emphasizing on their core legislative independence and functions, as well as on their operational imperatives. This arrangement has been informed by a wide range of factors. The first factor is that the criminal justice agencies have differing goals, functions, purpose, and roles and as such no single agency handles the case throughout the entire system. Seco ndly, the system is defendant focused, case and incident-based, an arrangement that makes the agencies to operate separately in order not to deviate from this arrangement (Gough, 2010, p. 25). Thirdly, a range of procedural and legal constraints keep information that had been obtained before out of the court consideration. As such, information held by a particular criminal justice agency about an incident, victim, or defendant is progressively filtered as it moves through various agencies of the system. The other factor that has contributed to the criminal justice system not to work as a coordinated whole is the power dynamic within the criminal justice agencies hierarchy and their widely diverse professional culture (Gebo, et al, 2006, p. 425). The criminal justice system has been witnessing myriad of challenges especially in regard to law enforcement and corrections. In particular, the rise of the rate of crimes such as burglary cases and rape and overcrowding in the correctional facilities has been some of the main challenges facing the criminal just

Intro to business Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Intro to business - Assignment Example This all new process will reduce the cost of production greatly and make this fuel economical for the consumers as well. The shell had in the past suffered from a production stoppage due to the fire eruption at their Bintulu, Malaysian plant in 1997. This resulted in the discontinuity of the Gas to Liquid process because at that time only one plant of the Shell was operational. But now they have developed a new GLT plant that is ten times more in its production capacity, as compared to the Malaysian plant, in Doha, Qatar. By the way it is the world’s largest GLT plant, Shell’s forty years of research has paid back to them in an impressive manner. Qatar has the largest reserves of natural gas in the world as well. Second thing the Shell should use cheap transportation methods in order to make it (fuel) affordable for the people globally. Natural gas is mostly available in the remote areas and it costs a lot to transport the final product from those areas to the reach of the people. The Shell should also switch to the direct production method for GLT. This will help them to reduce their production cost greatly. This reduction in production cost would be then transferred to the ultimate consumers. Over the last forty years Shell has poured billions of dollars in their new GLT technology in order to provide efficient and cost effective fuel alternative to the people. Five year time to judge the success or failure of this project is like a pinch of salt in flour. These sort of projects require sometime to reach the breakeven and also in reaping profits. GLT will be really fruitful for the Shell because of the price hike of petroleum products globally. Moreover they know that they will harvest success as more and more people are becoming conscious to minimize their footprints on the planet

Pervasive Computing in Security Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Pervasive Computing in Security - Essay Example Authentication is the process of proving that you are who you say you are and establishing proof of identity. Authentication can be achieved through the use of passwords, smart cards, biometrics, or a combination thereof. People are the next most important security component. Often, people are the weakest link in any security infrastructure. Most corporate security relies on the password a user chooses. If the user chooses his or her first name as the password, the time, energy, and money spent evaluating, purchasing, and implementing security solutions go out the window. Numerous methods exist to gain access to a system. Social engineering preying on the weakest factor in any security infrastructure, the human-is one of the most successful methods. From pretending to be a helpdesk worker and asking users to change their passwords, to dressing up as the copy machine repair technician to gain physical access to a building, social engineering is effective in gaining access to an organization's systems. (Andress, 2003) Other methods include trying to guess username and password combinations and using exploits in operating systems and applications to gain access to systems. Some common exploits include buffer overflows, Windows exploits, and Web server application exploits. The most popular tool for information theft attacks is the network sniffer. With a sniffer, an attacker monitors traffic on a network, usually looking for username-password combinations. (Andres, 2003) The use of sniffers is known as a passive attack because the sniffer's snooping does not require any action on the part of the attacker. Active attacks, on the other hand, do require action. Examples of active attacks are "dumpster diving" or calling up an individual at a target company and asking for information. Security Awareness Security awareness can be provided at the utmost by conducting seminars and awareness campaigns. Such campaigns work well in explaining topics like password selection, screen locking, document labeling, and physical (door) security. Posters, e-mails, screensavers, and mouse pads printed with security tips and expectations help provide day-to-day reminders. Some companies even establish security incentive programs for their employees. Multifactor Authentication The three major types of authentication which are commonly used now a days are: Something you know-personal identification number (PIN), password. Something you have-SecurID, smart card, iButton. Something you are-that is, some measurable physical characteristic of you, such as fingerprints

HUI 235 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

HUI 235 - Essay Example cio’s tales illustrate what could happen in that strange medieval period in a society where power and morals were quite different to how we consider them today, and where fear was a very real emotion in women and those who occupied the lower strata. Political correctness and formal ethics had not been invented yet, and it was certainly not an egalitarian society. The first tale from Day Four, when Filostrato tells his story, shows exactly how unequally people dealt with each other. He recounts the plight of Ghismonda, the daughter of Tancrede the King of Salerne. Daughters were under their fathers’ power whether they were servants or kings. Women had very little say in the direction of their lives: the reason for Ghismonda’s tragic fate. Although she was already widowed after an arranged marriage, her father made all decisions about her life, choosing her husband: ‘Neverthelesse, at length, he matched her with the Sonne to the Duke of Capua.’ She could not simply fall in love with any man who came her way. When she did form a secret liaison with Guiscardo - who was not even a nobleman, and occupied a lower position in the palace - she was taking an enormous risk. Secrecy and lies, subterfuge and concealment were vital: a father was seen to be justified in killing his children if they went against his will or trespassed on some social more. There was no freedom and very little fairness. Tancrede blamed his daughter for his anger: ‘...thou hast meerly murthered the unfeigned affection I bare thee, as never any father could expresse more to his childe.’ Her tragedy came from social inequality and the perception - by all - that men were superior and fathers (especially if they were kings) almighty. In the fifth tale of the day, Philomena’s tale about Isabella (Lizabetta in some versions) and her herb pot, her brothers have power to do what they liked with her and anyone who got in their way. It was a world where people died like flies from the plague,

Causes of the War with the United States Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Causes of the War with the United States - Essay Example While the Mexican fought for the independence of Texas, the US sent its army into Texas in order to gain hold over the state. However, the ambition did not end here and US made plans to extend its rule into California by buying over the state from Mexico. In order to ensure the cooperation of the Mexican government, Polk sent troops into Mexico to intimidate the Mexicans. The Mexicans, though initiated the fight with these troops, had no way of defending themselves since they were still recovering as a newly independent country. The US argued that they were helping Mexicans since Mexico was basically sick country and needed the US for support. While the US was strong and powerful, the Mexicans were economically and physically weak. However, the Mexicans were able to enjoy a bargaining chip for a small period of time as the British and the French were concerned of the resulting shift in balance of power as a result of the foreseeable expansion. While this deterred the war for a certai n period of time but the US was able to take over Texas and California after they neutralized the two countries through British-French consent (Vazques, 138). Author’s Perspective The author like most other historians believe that the US was responsible for the war and Polk provoked the war through his ambitious methods (Murrin, Johnson, McPherson, Fahs, Gerstle, Rosenburg and Rosenburg, 344). The author has laid the blame of the war entirely on the shoulders of the US. He blames US for taking advantage of its superior position and the annexation of Texas to start a war that the Mexicans were unprepared for and did not want at that specific point. Vazques continually refers to writing and thoughts of other historians either to support his own views or to point out the flaws in others’ perspective. By referring to specific passages, such as the comments of Nicholas Trist, Vazques establishes the fact that even US peace commissioner was against the war between Mexico and US. Trist in that specific passage blames the US for the war and feels remorse over the US approach towards the situation. This further convinces the reader of the unjustness of the situation and through such accounts one cannot help but feel sympathy of the Mexicans. Vazques is strictly pro-Mexican and this fact is not surprising given the Mexican origin and background of the author. Since almost every Mexican is bitter towards the US involvement in their personal affairs, this is to be expected. Vazques is influenced by her own people since she has been exposed to such ideas from birth and they are as much a part of her as her Mexican birth. Vazques ignores the political and economic condition of Mexico to a great extent and the Mexican involvement in the war. Discussion Josefina Vazques, through her article ‘Causes of the War with United States’, has explored the Mexican situation and the reasons for their bitterness against the US. While most historians have blamed the US for the situation, the Mexican side of the story had been undiscovered until Vazques chose to explore and write about it. Even though I believe that every story has different perceptiveness and these differ widely between the antagonist characters in the story, I still have sympathy towards the Mexicans. Certain historians believ

The Matrix and philosophical issues Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Matrix and philosophical issues - Essay Example At the heart of The Matrix is that of skepticism, of concerns regarding the very nature of reality, and of whether we know anything to be real at all. Just a few minutes after the movie opens, Neo says, â€Å"you ever have that feeling where you're not sure if you're awake or still dreaming?† (A. Wachowski and L. Wachowski) like a foretelling of things to come. The Matrix plays out an old philosophical tale of a brain in a vat: A disembodied brain is floating in a vat, inside a scientist's laboratory. The scientist has arranged that the brain will be stimulated with the same sort of inputs that a normal embodied brain receives. To do this, the brain is connected to a giant computer simulation of a world. The simulation determines which inputs the brain receives. When the brain produces outputs, these are fed back into the simulation. The internal state of the brain is just like that of a normal brain, despite the fact that it lacks a body. From the brain's point of view, thing s seem very much as they seem to you and me. (Chalmers 135) The Matrix stars Keanu Reeves as Neo, a program writer by day, and a hacker by night. By hacking he thinks he is exercising his individuality, his free will. When asked if he believes in fate, Neo answers, â€Å"No†¦ Because I don't like the idea that I'm not in control of my life† (A. Wachowski and L. ... A prison for your mind† (A. Wachowski and L. Wachowski). As a viewer of this movie, one is left with a nagging feeling, â€Å"was Morpheus talking to me, too?† Am I also a slave? Am I in a prison in my own mind? Science, through direct observation of phenomena, gives us a way of knowing reality. Through scientific testing we know that everything we know about life, humanity and civilizations almost always have a material basis. In fact scientists have found that emotions, which mainly reside in the subjective and the invisible, are nothing more than the byproduct of hormones released into our system. And yet, thanks to science, we also know that there are some things we are unable to explain. For example, what causes water to flow up, against gravity, from a tree trunk to the leaves? What forces the heart to beat? How does a woman’s body know how to respond when she is about to give birth? The kind of reality that science gives us is objective reality – one that can be directly perceived by our five senses, which are then interpreted by the brain. Looking at the tale of the brain in a vat, we know that we can be so easily deluded into thinking that what we think is real. In fact, there is scientific evidence showing that there is no such thing as a normal brain and that we â€Å"are some momentary fluctuation in a field of matter and energy out in space than a person †¦[our] memories and the world [we] think [we] see around [us] are illusions† (Overbye). And yet despite these, we still have the capacity to question our own existence, and it is here were the gift lies. Rene Descartes said, â€Å"I realized that it was necessary†¦to demolish everything completely and start again right from the foundations if I wanted to establish

Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 262

Assignment Example Social forces highlight the consumer behavior pattern and demand in the market place. Like if the restaurant is opened in a rural area where the social forces restrict people to go to a restaurant then it would not be beneficial for the business. These forces denote the effectiveness and efficiency of a business. As the external environment introduces new technology or innovation it becomes important for a business to incorporate advanced technology in order to stay at par with other players. Apple Inc. can be regarded as most prominent example in this field as it upgrades its technical factors as and when required. Political instability seems to disrupt the entire business environment. The norms and regulations that are set forth by the political authority govern functioning of a business (Daft and Marcic 91). On the other hand tax benefits that are authorized by leaders denote the profit margin for the business. Indianapolis is a region where majority of manufacturing factories had closed down due to such unstable political scenario and increasing rate of homicide. A new business venture that is set forth is basically based on the factor of solving a hidden problem of consumers. In case of a restaurant the major problem can be unavailability of a specific kind of cuisine for which there is high demand in the market place. For instance people had a hidden demand for such a device which would operate as a phone but even perform necessary operations of a laptop and this problem was eradicated with the launch of tablet. Market gaps are generally associated with hidden demand which has not yet explored by any players in a particular industry. Filling in this gap would mean that a business venture is been able to successfully position itself in the market and can achieve competitive

Research Investigation Essay Example for Free

Research Investigation Essay A research investigation on what specific skills an actor would need learn in order to convincingly portray the role of Silvio in Carlo Goldoni’s, A Servant of Two Masters. Carlo Goldoni wrote the comedy â€Å"Arlecchino servitore di due padroni†, which translates into modern English as The Servant of Two Masters, a commedia dell’Arte-style play. The performers of Commedia were often illiterate, and as such there was no point to write down scripts and record the performance, it was improvised and modified, preserving the aspects the audience found amusing and excluding those that were less successful. In this way, Carlo Goldoni’s writing down of the play strictly goes against commedia traditions, as it is not the way things were done when it was originally staged. Despite performing all their plays in Italian for the first twenty or so years, Commedia troops had phenomenal success, perhaps because the slapstick nature of their comedy mingled with its vulgar humor was relatively easy to follow. The themes of the play, including love, romance, deception and the status between masters and servants, combine to create an enjoyable and greatly comical performance. The play also scrutinizes social boundaries that were once present. Such as, the idea of a woman being dressed as a man this was much more controversial in the 1700’s and especially a woman who defeats a man in combat, as Beatrice (comes to Venice dressed as a man in search of her beloved Florindo, She is also a part of the first lover couple along with Florindo) defeats Silvio. Smereldina (the maid of Clarice, she is an extremely feisty and slightly bitter character who wants more than anything to find a man and get married) also confronts Silvio and scorns him, which is something unparalleled in that time, a woman of the serving class reprimanding a man of status. The play also explores the lengths people will go to for the sake of love, the hopelessness of Florindo (a man banished from his home in Turin for his murder of Federigo Rasponi, and the lover of Beatrice who comes in search of him) and Beatrice’s relationship to find each other, as well as commenting on the importance of never giving up hope, because as they are about to kill themselves they find each other again. This is also reflected in the many difficult predicaments Truffaldino (the servant of both Florindo and Beatrice, he is a mischievous, hungry man who is seeking ways to better himself, he is comic relief and also the main protagonist) finds himself in, as no matter how hopeless his situation looks, he keeps on envisaging himself getting out of his tricky situations and eventually he does get out of trouble. The behavior by those of the dominant class of the servants is a very noticeable theme of the time period, and an important social observation. The serving class of Truffaldino, Smereldina and the Porter (she carries the bags places at different times during the play and has a fairly rough time of it, carrying very heavy loads only to be ridiculed and left unrewarded for her labor) are regarded with little respect and trust throughout the entirety of the play. As the early performers of this play were more than likely lower class individuals, this play is an insightful parody of their own difficulties. Commedia dell’Arte is an Italian theater style, characterized by masked performers and improvised scenes based on simplistic scenarios. Carlo Goldoni categorized four elemental types of stock characters in Italian comedy: Pantaloon, a miserly Venetian merchant, easy to anger, disrespected by everyone and a born loser; Dottore, a pedantic lawyer-type from Bologna; Brighella, a serenading servant who enjoys thieving, and bragging; and Arlecchino, a basically thoughtless servant permanently in despair over unreturned love. A Servant of Two Masters is set in Venice in the 1700’s, and would have been performed by a travelling troop of commedia actors. As such, they would have had very limited set facilities, and their performances staged outdoors, meaning they would have to allow for surrounding noises such as wind when performing. Throughout this research investigation it will be delving into what specific skills I must learn in order to convincingly portray the role of Silvio in Carlo Goldoni’s, A Servant of Two Masters. There is a catch when one decides to take on the task and portray the role of Silvio in The Servant of Two Masters and that is that the comic instincts of a skilled actor need to conquer a tendency to be a servant to the text. It has been said that commedia is the riskiest form of comedy. That being said, it is worth the risk. When the flash of inspired improvisation hits an actor it is like a whirlwind and time seems to be in a complete interruption while a phenomenon takes place. Fortunately Goldoni’s writing is so perfectly composed and clinging to fundamental Commedia dell’Arte form that it allows one to understand how to perform below, within and around the text itself. Focusing on the lovers, they are the sons and daughters of characters who are also high on the social ladder; this is where Silvio finds himself in The Servant of Two Masters. The lovers in this play (Silvio and Clarice) are not only infatuated with each other they are extraordinarily infatuated with themselves. More often than not, they are only with one another because the other person makes them look better. They argue often, making a big melodramatic show out of their blubbering and attempting to top the others grief; yet they immediately make amends when they receive a flattering remark about their appearance. They speak in a distinguished, pretentious and flowery language: â€Å"If I could think that you desired my blood to avenge my supposed cruelty, I give it you with all my heart. But, oh God! Instead of the blood of my veins, accept, I beg you, that which gushes from my eyes.†(Goldoni 53) Silvio is traditionally costumed in the latest Italian fashions (since Italy is where Commedia originated) The Lovers elegant costumes were usually of the same color, just in case another couple of lovers was in the play too. This only reaffirms how much they were made for each other. Just like couples who wear matching outfits today. Given that Silvio is wealthy, he wears expensive clothes and jewelry, made of luxurious fabrics. Both Silvio and Clarice usually hold some kind of prop in their hand, most likely a letter to swoon over, or a handkerchief but this is of course the director’s choice. There is always a mirror somewhere on their body, being in a purse or pocket, or even hanging as a necklace around the actor’s throat. This is useful for admiring oneself, or in Silvio’s case for seeking out Clarice and adorning her through it. Unlike what most know Commedia dell’Arte to be known for the lovers do not wear masks. Rather, they wear quite a bit of makeup which in turn subsidizes as their mask. The term dreamer is a key way to understanding the lovers movement. Their feet are firmly on the ground, in a somewhat Ballet style position, but they lack firm contact with the earth because they lead with their chest and are heart heavy. Their arms are held out to their sides and curved. Their whole manner is very elegant and balletic, as they do not walk so much as glide. They never touch; to do so would cause them both to faint and or run away. It is sexually arousing for them to get very close without touching. They aren’t the brightest individuals so walking is somewhat of a challenge causing them to wobble, due to the uncertainty of their lack of contact with the ground. The posture that Silvio undertakes is that of compelling pride. His chest is naturally expanded and thrust out so that his heart essentially leads him, sometimes seeming to literally pull him across the stage. He points his toes while standing (like that of a ballet dancer), and when moving, he takes light, quick steps, giving himself a floating appearance. Overall, they simply lack contact with the ground. Their hand movements and gestures are very grand, expansive and expressive. Actors use the same dancing trainers as the wealthy individuals whom they are imitating in order to put emphasis on the absurdity of melodramatic behavior. There can be two sets of lovers in a Commedia dellArte play. The First set of lovers, usually more intelligent and serious, and the Second Lovers which in A Servant of Two Masters is Silvio and Clarice, usually whimsical and slightly silly. The second lovers in Goldonis A Servant of Two Masters are Clarice and Silvio. In research of the lovers when things are not going their way, they throw tantrums, pout, hurl insults while crying and whining. Their manner of dress and movement is highly stylized (more so than the First Lovers), making Silvio quite a narcissus. Silvio exists very much in his own world- and in his own world within that world. Self-obsessed and very selfish, he is more interested in what he is saying himself and how it sounds than in what his beloved Clarice is saying. He is primarily in love with himself, secondarily in love with love, and only without any doubt in love with his beloved. What he learns, if anything, from the tribulations of A Servant of Two Masters is the need to reverse these sickening priorities. Even though most of Silvio’s declarations would melt a heart of stone, there always seems to be a comic side to everything he says. One wonders if the explanation does not lie in the fact that love often robs the lover of all sense of his own logic, even though he may be the most rational of living men under ordinary circumstances. He does, however, come off better than most other Commedia characters: there is no viciousness in him, and less to be accused of – except for his vanity and narcissism. He represents the human potential for happiness, which is something that everyone is striving for. â€Å"Sir, I beg you, let everyone do as they will; do not be so put out about it. Now that I am happy, I want all the world to b e happy too. Is anyone else going to be married? Let them all get married†! (Goldoni 54) I have become conscious of the fact that the character of Silvio must be played as one that is over confident. He is very certain of himself and of his actions. He believes he is entitled to Clarice and is willing to fight to protect his property. Silvio is also quite protective, or even overprotective of those things which are important to him, or that he sees as belonging to him. He wishes to keep Clarice all to his own and have her within an area he feels he can keep safe. While he is protective of others, he himself shows little regard when placing himself in jeopardy. This is shows how dim witted his character truly is. The idea of defeat does not enter his mind and he is always on the front foot, unwilling to let others determine his actions, he is a very rash character. Patience is a virtue, apparently. Silvio often lacks any sense of patience which makes him a very irritable, anxious, angry and difficult to be around type of character. His shortage of patience makes him a rat her ignorant character. Silvio is always quick to act and often makes mistakes because of his unwillingness to listen to the advice or opinions of others. He is a man of action, and he needs for things to be occurring or he quickly loses any potential interest. He is quick to do battle regardless of the consequences, which shows how stupidly in love he truly is. His unwillingness to listen to an entire situation and process his next appropriate action, often get him into irresponsible situations. â€Å"†¦That wretch shall die, and my ungrateful Clarice shall see her lover wallowing in his own gore†. (Goldoni 26) Despite his quick anger and his tendency to solve his problems with violence, he is inconspicuously charming. Even though his unwillingness to listen too much besides the sound of his own voice, he is really just eager to please his lover Clarice. He has swept Clarice off of her feet and is the heartthrob of Venetian women. Some people settle down, and some people are just settling and some people refuse to settle for anything less than the feeling of butterflies, which is exactly how Silvio feels towards Clarice. He is never slow to put himself in harm’s way. He is quick to action and has little caution for his own well-being when engaging in any sort of fight, or in anything else he does. He is a man to be admired when he is at his finest, even though he is willing to do whatever it takes to get what he wants. â€Å"I don’t care how old you are’ I have a mind to run you straight through the body†. (Goldoni 24) Through researching the character of Silvio it would be necessary to portray him as a man who struggles to hold himself in the position in which his status in society places him. He strives to be suave, cool and collected, but somewhat fights to maintain focus and is very quick to act, his actions usually end in anger and much turmoil. He is a powerful physical presence, and is one of formidable fighting skill, but is emotionally immature on many levels. His love for Clarice is one of his few genuinely mature emotions, and it is his motivation through the play. He is prone to rash, spontaneous actions, as well as to throwing tantrums such as a moody child would when things don’t go his way. This effectively suited the comedic aspect of the play while not deteriorating from the romantic story between Clarice and Silvio. â€Å"When we love we always strive to become better than we are. When we strive to become better than we are, everything around us becomes better, too†. (Jeaulo Coelho)

Dickens created Essay Example for Free

Dickens created Essay All the characters that Dickenss has labelled criminals, Toby Crackit, Mr Chitling and Kags Adress and respond to each other very sarcastically and also very aggressively, in a way that suggests to the reader that they are not all friends as you first think and that they have no loyalty to each other and are just with each other because they have the same basis of work and business ethics. Fagin is described in chapter 50 as he is getting arrested as a rough, battling character struggling with the police and being all muddy and bleeding, Dickens has put Fagin in this situation which could best describe him and what he is all about, not necessarily his features, but his links with the police and his links with crime. Dickens describes the main criminal in chapter 50 at his lowest point, when he enters that room with his fellow criminals, Blanched face, sunken eyes, hollow cheeks, beard of three days growth, wasted flesh, short thick breath; it was the very ghost of Sikes. This sentence is full of short descriptive sentences that are saying to the readers that Sikes is destroyed, he has been hiding away for the crime of murder and is just a translucent figure of Sikes when he used to be a strong and ironically ghastly figure with no power, Sikes is now battered, Sikes has now got nothing and Sikes is on the run! Leading up to the climax of chapter 50 Dickens describes the mob of Londoners chasing down Sikes in the tight alleys and roads of London, he depicts them as a crowd of a strong struggling current of angry faces that are all out after Sikes the murderer, Dickens has used those descriptions to show the sheer scale of the force wanting to capture this one man, a current of people, suggesting it is like a river of people flowing along the streets. Later in the scene an old man cries I will give fifty pounds to the man who takes him alive, fifty pounds in those times was an enormous amount of money which again shows the sheer scale of the wanting of this man. The climax is ultimately the death of Bill Sikes in this chapter, when Sikes is on that roof ready to try his escape Dickens finally de-humanises the villain at last by instead of calling him Sikes calling him the murderer to tell the audience just exactly what he is, which is nothing. The way Dickens depicts the death of Sikes is very dramatic in the way that he dies, jumping off a roof and accidentally hanging yourself isnt the best way to go or the most common in any story, Dickens used this way of death to give justice, melodrama and a gothic feel which would add real feel to how the audience would feel at the death of a person who has been hated by most throughout the whole story. The speed of Sikes death is quite important, the use of verbs such as staggering, tumbled, which is when Sikes loses his balance and goes over the edge of the building. Sikes death is also set at night time to add a little more drama and a chase factor to the dramatic end. The noose in those times was common for convicted murderers to receive when arrested, so for Sikes to die in a noose was justified in the end. Dickens had a message to the reader in the end of this chapter which is to draw attention to a range of social injustices in those times, which means a lot of people getting away with crimes which obviously dickens felt strongly about, Dickens didnt just simply tell people about this he used a range of techniques to excite the reader and to please the reader. Overall Dickens created this chapter to avenge Nancys death, we know this because Sikes cries The eyes again! referring to Nancys eyes. Which leaves the reader feeling happy about Sikes death and making the reader want to read his next edition in his paper.

A Critique Of Mills Harm Principle Philosophy Essay

A Critique Of Mills Harm Principle Philosophy Essay In this essay, I will be writing a critique on Mills harm principle. Evaluate its criticisms and explain why its positive influence far outweighs the negative ones in a society which its citizens are free to dictate their notions. In his Autobiography of 1873, John Stuart Mill described On Liberty as a kind of philosophic textbook of a single truth (Mill (1989 edn), p.189) and rather than speak in terms of rights, some may claim a right not to be harmed, Mill said only Harm (or the threat of Harm) is a sufficient justification for exercising power over another. Mill further qualified his Principle by adding that it wouldnt be a sufficient condition to exercise power over someone simply for their own good and he does permit some exemptions to the Harm Principle. So he allows coercion in an economic context, like when a more efficient and presumably more profitable company Harms a competitor by seizing an increase in market share. Another exemptions are of the incompetent, the retarded, the ignorant, children, all those below the age of consent. They may all be coerced; in short all those not competent are exempt and Mill allows for coercion by the judiciary. So for example the type of legal coercion which punishes murder by imprisonment is exempt. However probably the most controversial exemption in, On Liberty is Mills reference to backward states of society, Mill refers to barbarians and says We may leave out of consideration those backward states of society in which the race itself may be considered as in its nonage. (Mill, John Stuart. Stefan Collini (ed.), On Liberty and Other Writings, (2000 edn), p.13.) Mill is referring here to societies so backward theyd hardly be capable of understanding the Harm Principle let alone responsibly applying it. The implication here is that society needs to recognize concepts like free discussion before it can achieve that level of education and understanding which enables it to benefit from The Harm Principle. Yet when considered in its totality his Principle is anything but simple, because On Liberty is concerned with, Isaiah Berlins later defined concept of Negative Liberty that is, freedom from interference. To quote Berlin, the freedom of which I speak is opportunity for action, rather than action itself. If, although I enjoy the right to walk through open doors, I prefer not to do so, but sit still and vegetate, I am not thereby rendered less free. Freedom is the opportunity to act, not action itself. (Berlin (1969), p.xlii). Some significant criticisms of, Mills Harm Principle have been expressed over the years. I intend to consider the three leading arguments, 1. VAGUENESS. In other words what exactly does Mill mean when he uses the word Harm? Its notable that no definition of Harm is to be found in, On Liberty, granted Mill gives us some exemptions, but no more than that and accordingly Mills use of the word Harm is often considered imprecise. Its this very lack preciseness (vagueness) that prompts us to wonder if there could be a point at which acts of offence become acts of Harm. Without an adequate definition of Harm it becomes difficult to derive to a meaningful definition of Offence and without that judgments of rightness or wrongness are in danger of becoming blurred. In a book by the philosopher Joel Feinberg entitled, Offence to Others, he discusses a thought experiment whereby the reader is assumed to be a passenger on a crowded bus. Its possible to leave the bus of course, but that would be inconvenient and theres not another seat to move to and theres also no prospect of leaving ones seat to stand. Feinberg relates a set of examples, each more offensive than its predecessor, which take place in full view of the passengers. He starts innocently enough with comparatively mild examples like horrible smells, migraine inducing lights, intolerable noises and so on. In the next section which is headed, Disgust and Revulsion, he outlines even more revolting examples; people eating live insects, each others vomit and so on. Further on Feinberg talks of sex acts on the bus, both heterosexual and homosexual. He goes on to suggest increasingly more offensive examples, cataloguing in all 31 distinct illustrations. It emerges that some actions, although of fensive, can be tolerated in public whilst others may be so intolerable as to be better conducted in private. During our earliest years we learn to be conscious of concepts such as yours and mine (that is your sandwich but this is my sandwich) and its from these formative years that our notions of property as well ideas like property rights and obligations derive. Mine has a deeply personal value ascribed to it, encompassing not only physical things (like sandwiches) but also more abstract things, like personal space. An invasion of mine can invariably bring with it an almost instinctual reaction and Suppose someone, in an effort to signal friendliness, stands that bit too close or the person in the next seat plays their walkman that little bit too loud. We can feel aggrieved perhaps even angry? We often describe the other person as, invading our space. A proportion of the public space has become deeply personal. In other words, something about that public space has become mine. In this respect then we often hear somebody say that what someone is doing is, so unnecessary. By that she means i ts unnecessary for an activity to be conducted in public, because it could just as well be carried on in private. It may well be then that offensive public displays should be prohibited by law but still be allowed in private. When one tries to draw a line between Offensive Acts and Harmful ones its not unusual to be faced with a dilemma. Suppose someone is running, naked, along a street that could be interpreted by some onlookers as an Offensive Act, it might even be considered a Harmful Act towards children. In a similarly vein it may be that someone could find the idea of a homosexual relationship, even if behind closed doors, more offensive than an intimate heterosexual liaison which takes place in public. So, just as before, it seems that some things are judged offensive if conducted in public but may well be condoned in private. On Liberty makes it clear that in order to tolerate what Mill calls experiments in living, the toleration of some things, in private, is necessary. For example, some things which are objectionable to this generation may well be acceptable to the next. To him experimentation is a necessary attribute to drive society forward. Mill makes it clear that its by experiments in living that society progresses, an open-minded society would tolerate geniuses because, as Mill maintains, to prohibit everything but the norm would have the effect of stifling innovation and experiments in living'. Thus, a follower of Mills Harm Principle allows offensiveness but modifies the distinction to say that, if offensiveness is conducted in private with each participant having full knowledge of consequences and outcome and each being fully and freely aware of what theyre doing, then the Harm Principle would be complied with. Others however take a different view. Lord Devlin however admits no distinction between public and private actions. He maintains, see Dworkin Ronald (ed.) (1977) The Philosophy of Law, Oxford University Press, pp76-77, that private morality if widely adopted can become public morality. He considers that just as treasonable acts, plotted in private, can eventually adversely affect society so immoral acts, conducted in private, can become similarly antisocial. For Devlin the test of rightness is not linked to Utilitarian Theory at all. He famously refers to The Man on the Clapham Omnibus, his test being the feelings of intolerance, indignation and disgust of a reasonable man. But there are difficulties with relying on what an ordinary person would find morally acceptable. Presumably, in the heyday of the Taliban, if we had asked the reasonable man on a Kabul omnibus whether or not there should be a law barring female children from attending school, his feelings of intolerance, indignation and disgust would be a sufficient justification to allow the introduction of such a law. H. L. A. Hart, Professor of Jurisprudence at Oxford University, differs from Devlins reasonable man view holding it better to adopt a rational person test. (Ibid, pp83-88). A reasonable person is neither required to have reasons for, nor to justify, moral beliefs. Instead they depend upon convictions of what is and isnt morally acceptable. Its apparent then that, despite an intuitive appeal, Devlins approach fails to fully refute Mills Harm Principle. 2. NO MAN IS AN ISLAND. Mills implicit assumption that its possible to undertake an action in such a way that it wont affect anyone else is called into question here. Of course, its quite possible to do something which only appears wholly self regarding. Suppose I enjoy rock climbing. I may believe that my climbing, if solitary, could harm no one but myself, even if I should suffer a fatal accident. In such circumstances I wouldnt, on the face of it, be causing Harm to another but should I have a climbing partner she may well be Harmed by my demise, even though not in any way responsible for my misfortune. And even if I made certain that I and only I climbed, in the event of a fatal accident, grieving relations could be harmed. There could well be a similar Harmful effect suffered by members of a mountain rescue team that recovers my body and so forth. Therefore some might say I should be stopped from participating in dangerous hobbies because of a risk of possible Harmful effects an accident to myself may have upon others. If, being aware of the dangers of passive smoking, I smoke cigarettes heavily but only in my own home, taking care not to impose the effects of my smoking upon others, it could be said that I stand to harm no one but myself and so Mills Principle would then apply because I could be persuaded of the danger to my health but coercion shouldnt be used. But if my risk of a serious smoking related disease puts an unfair burden upon an already overstretched asset, perhaps even reducing the resources available to other people with serious illness. For this reason Mills implied assumption that some actions regard the perpetrator alone has been questioned. Fitzjames Stephen held that, by far the most important part of our conduct regards both us and others (Fitzjames Stephen (1967 edn), p66). This view is held by many of Mills critics. Nonetheless its implausible to assert that every self-regarding act has a Harmful effect upon others. 3. LIBERTY AND UTILITARIANISM. A foundation of On Liberty is Mills professed Utilitarianism, where each persons individuality and happiness is the objective of a civilised society. But because Mills Utilitarianism has its emphasis on consequences of action, some have questioned whether its correct to assume the Harm Principle is truly Utilitarian and so Mills Utilitarianism is often termed a consequentialist theory. Happiness, according to Mill, is not as simple as Jeremy Benthams idea, where he thought of happiness as, a blissful state of mind. Mill believed happiness to be something more complicated; he thought the sum of human happiness was better served by the preservation of as wide a range of negative liberties as possible. Its been argued though that many of the negative freedoms put forward by Mill were ultimately incompatible with his Utilitarianism because the Utilitarian aim of maximum happiness gives way to other considerations. But this view misses the fact that far from abandoning Utilitarianism, Mill argues that The Harm Principle and Utilitarianism can go hand in hand, so to speak. He certainly holds that there should be complete freedom of thought and discussion. Almost a third of, On Liberty is devoted to these vital freedoms yet, as a consequence of his thoughts about experiments in living he also makes the case for individuality and individual freedoms. Mill holds that the very concept of Negative Freedom allows for a choice between good and evil, for the freedom to choose between overall happiness and the gratification of individual desire. In other words people are free to accept or refuse an opportunity. As Mill said, The only freedom which deserves the name is that of pursuing our own good in our own way, so long as we do not attempt to deprive others of theirs or impede their efforts to obtain it. (Mill, John Stuart. Stefan Collini (ed.), On Liberty and Other Writings, (2000 edn), p.16.) In the section of On Liberty entitled, On Liberty, as one of the elements of well-being. (ibid, p68) Mill maintains that the fact of human diversity is itself an argument for liberty. He argues that imposing one way of life upon every member of a society would be as disastrous as treating a cactus and an orchid in the same fashion. Mill says (putting aside some exceptional circumstance, such as monastic institutions) that human beings differ so much from each other that it would make no sense at all to expect each one to conform to a single model of a good life. Mill differentiates private interests, where no intervention is permitted, and public interests where, to maximize general happiness, intervention is allowed. For example, there are certain things like murder and fraud which a civilized society could not tolerate and against which it would have to protect itself but that same society should still encompass within it private interests of freedom and liberty. Its clear then tha t Mill adopts a utilitarian philosophy when addressing matters of public interest, but its a subtler form of utilitarianism which weve come to know as Indirect Utilitarian. While a direct utilitarian believes that any action which promotes general happiness is good, an indirect utilitarian would follow a more understated interpretation, holding that individuals should not simply be left to maximize happiness for themselves and its this indirect utilitarianism which Mill assumes throughout, On Liberty. He says, I regard utility as the ultimate appeal to all ethical questions; but it must be utility in the largest sense, grounded on the permanent interests of a man as a progressive being (Ibid, p.14) CONCLUSION In, Thinking from A to Z, Nigel Warburton reminds us that a Socratic Fallacy is: The mistaken belief that if you cant define a general term precisely you wont be in any position to identify particular instances of it. Warburton. Nigel. Thinking from A to Z. Routledge (2nd edn. 2000), p.120 The vagueness objection is a Socratic Fallacy, because whilst a concise definition of the word Harm isnt to be found in, On Liberty the following argument is sound: Premise 1. Minor objections should be set aside if an idea withstands the test of time. Premise 2. On Liberty has withstood the test of time. Conclusion. On Liberty should have minor objections set aside. To insist that Mills Harm Principle is specific at every eventuality is tantamount to asking for the impossible simply because the very concept of freedom (or liberty) carries within it an element of vagueness. The most a person reading, On Liberty with charity could reasonably expect is a Harm Principle with illustrative examples, and where fitting, appropriate definitions. This essay has reviewed the major criticisms leveled at Mills deliberations. The question of Mills alleged vagueness has been addressed as well as the problems associated with deciding what is Harmful as against Offensive and its been argued that consenting adults, acting in private, are unlikely to harm anyone but themselves. With regard to the claim that Mill has neglected his utilitarian principles it has been argued that, On Liberty has remained true to Mills utilitarian ideals, accommodating the negative freedoms necessary for an individuals freedoms. Mills arguments favor through Utilitarian means a concept of negative liberty, making the point that its only when were given sufficient freedom to freely choose how to live our lives (follow the good, if you will) that were most likely to maximize happiness. He says that a diversity of lifestyles is necessary because it allows differing individuals to find their own fulfilling ways of living. Its useful to remind ourselves that, On Liberty was published in 1859 and that it was intended primarily for the general public, it certainly wasnt presented as a dissertation solely for the academic world. Reading, On Liberty one is struck by Mills feeling for humanity and by his concern for his fellow man. He goes to some lengths to point out that his Principle is intended to protect those less able or, as he said, those not in the maturity of their faculties. All in all, On Liberty gives a structure within which to discuss the question of how free a person should be to live life as they please. For us in the 21st century, On Liberty embodies truths of tolerance, liberty and accountability to which the best of our societies aspire to today. From Mills writings its clear that the Harm Principle is essentially sound and that Mill is still relevant after nearly one hundred and fifty years. For example the rise of religious fundamentalism often brings with it an intolerance of alternative views that runs counter to Mills ideals. By the same token, its not too difficult to find totalitarian regimes (be they left or right wing) whose subjects are required to repress their individuality in service of the common good. Its right that the last word be left to J. S. Mill. The mischief begins when, instead of calling for the activity and powers of individuals and bodies, it (The State) substitutes its own activity for theirs; when instead of informing, advising, and, upon occasion, denouncing, it makes them work in fetters, or bids them stand aside and does their work instead of them. (Mill, J. S. On Liberty and Other Writings, (2000 edn), p.115.) THE END

I Love My Gay Friends :: Friendship Essay

I Love My Gay Friends I've grown up around gays and lesbians, and some of my best friends are gay, so I support them. One day I was on my way downtown after school and saw a crowd. I figured it was another peace march since it was only a week after September 11th, but it wasn't. My friend and I were sitting on the wall in front of Jimmy Johns and talking when our friend, Mary, ran up to us. "You guys should come and help us out. They're protesting against gay people and saying God doesn't love us," she said. As we joined our friends across the road from the Christian protesters, I thought back to church and remembered my preacher saying that God loves everyone. A guy came over and told us the protesters were from out of state and were here because ours was one of the largest gay communities in the country. I thought, I wish we were the gayest community, all happy and stuff. My friend grabbed my arm and pulled me aside, saying, "We have to stand up to this. We should make our own signs." I agreed, and we headed to a shop we often visit. I made a sign that said, I'm not gay, but I love my gay friends. On our way through the crowd, we saw the pastor from the church. She said she wanted three people to go with her to talk with the protesters, and be kind to them. Great, I was chosen. I walked with my head held high, listening to their screams of hate. This wouldn't be easy, but maybe someone would listen. I approached a young guy holding two anti-gay signs. One said, AIDS cures fags, the other proclaimed, Fag sin is filthy. "Hey, would you mind explaining to me the purpose of all this hate?" I asked, thinking he would be really cute if he weren't holding those nasty signs. "This town needs help," he replied. "Do you really believe that God hates?" I asked. "Yes, He does," he said, and showed me a Bible verse that read, "God hates the work of iniquity." "Yes, but not the workers. He loves everyone," I countered. "No, you are mistaken. Go ask a preacher," he said, sounding angry.

Importance of the Trial in To Kill a Mockingbird Essay -- Kill Mocking

Importance of the Trial in To Kill a Mockingbird      Ã‚   The trial of Tom Robinson is central to our understanding of racial and social prejudice in Maycomb. Harper Lee uses Tom Robinson's 'crime' to bring tensions in the town to a head and the author uses the trial as a way of making the ideas behind such tensions explicit for the reader.    The two people involved in the so-called crime, Tom Robinson and Mayella Ewell, are at the very bottom of Maycomb society. Tom is black and Mayella one of the poorest of the poor whites. However, neither of them fits into the stereotypes held by the people of Maycomb. Tom is honest, hardworking and dependable, as Mr Link Deas's shouted testimony and his demeanour in court demonstrate. Mayella is a member of the poorest and most shiftless families in the town yet she looks after her brothers and sisters, keeps herself clean and tends to her geraniums in the most difficult of circumstances. It is clear that before the alleged rape a sort of friendship had grown up between Tom and Mayella.    Tom Robinson was probably the only person who was decent to (Mayella).    Unfortunately the ideas about race and society held at the time meant that contact between them could never be anything other than distant and respectful (quite apart from the fact that Tom was married anyway). But Mayella's yearning for some form of close human contact emerges during the trial. She had saved for almost a year to have enough nickels to give her brothers and sisters a treat in order to have her house empty when she invited Tom inside. When she made her advance to Tom he was caught by his inability to hit a white woman and the extreme taboo that Maycomb placed on any form of... ...arrated by Scout is that her childish understanding is free of adult prejudice and expectations. She and Jem measure the proceedings against simple child-like ideas of truth and justice and find them grossly wanting. On the other hand Jem is an expert on court behaviour from watching her father on other occasions so she is able to give an insightful account into most aspects of the trial.    The Tom Robinson case shows the ugliness of both racial and social prejudice. Ultimately the jurors choose to vote along racial lines without regard for truth or justice. Mayella and Tom are both victims of Maycomb's prejudice but only Tom has to pay.    Works Cited Jones, Carolyn. "Atticus Finch and the Mad Dog." The Southern Quarterly Summer 1996: 56-63. Lee, Harper. To Kill a Mockingbird. New York City, NY:   J.B.Lippincott Company, 1990.   

Creation verses Evolution Essay -- essays research papers fc

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are many beliefs about how we came to be. There is the religious belief, there is the â€Å"Big Bang† theory, and there is the belief that we evolved from lower life forms. Its hard to say exactly how life came to be and who have the right answer. A person can take one of the two views on the origin of life. Either they believe there is a creator (creationist) or they believe (evolutionist) but with a thorough examination of scientific evidence one must believe that evolution is the basis for our existence.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The idea of creation varies with each of the world’s many religions; not providing creationists with a stable ground to inform on. Creationist’s believe in a supreme creator, who is responsible for the universe and everything natural that it contains. Creationists believe in Genesis to prove that evolutionists’ theories are false. Mostly everyone know the book they refer to The Holy Bible, and in the book of Geneses chapter 2 verse 19 â€Å"and out of the ground the Lord God formed every beast of the field, and every fowl of the air† is what the creationist whole true. Although evolution is seen throughout nature and proven by ancient fossils, they still disagree with the thought. Creationists include a type of evolution as necessary in their studies. This form of evolution is called â€Å"micro-evolution†, or variation within a type of organism occurs. This means that small changes take place like a frog grows web feet to swim b etter. Large-scale change of one type of organism to another is known as â€Å"macro-evolution†; apes changing to humans. Creationists believe this type of evolution is beyond the ability of mutation or natural selection which the evolutionists believe.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Creationists believe that Adam and Eve were the first human beings to walk the planet, and each of us is a descendant of the two. Evolutionist challenge this because Adam and Eve could only be one race but there are several different race of people – in a wide range of colors. There are too many unanswered questions to support the theory of creation but taking the evolutionist point of view can clear things up.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Evolutionists believe in their experiments and sciences to prove the creatio... ...oubts the fact of evolution is adequately clear. We do not need a listing of evidences to demonstrate the fact of evolution no more than we need to demonstrate the existence of mountain rangesâ€Å". (Wysong 23).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Theodosis Dobzhansky a geneticist who was quoted saying â€Å"Evolution as a historical fact was proved beyond a reasonable doubt not later than in the closing decades of the19th century. No one who takes the trouble to become familiar with the pertinent evidence has at present a valid reason that the living world, including man, is a product of evolutionary developmentâ€Å". (Wysong 23) Works Cited Hyperspace. A BBC video. With Sam Niel. Jason Browning, Dr. Gerald Lenner, Mark Rajock. Creation Science. 1997 http://emporium.turnpike.net/C/cs/ Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania. Did man get here by Evolution Or by Creation?. Brooklyn, New York, U.S.A Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania and International Bible student Association. Life how did it get here. Brooklyn, New York, U.S.A. Wysong, R.L. The Creation Evolution Controversy. 1st ed. 1976. The Holy Bible, King James Version.

Econ Syllabus

I will spend most of the time going through the theory and ideas that form the fundamentals of labor economics. However, it is important that students are aware of the simple facts of labor market in the US. Using the theory and facts, it should be possible to evaluate labor market policies.II. Prerequisite: The course is designed for economics majors and others who are already seriously interested in economics. Economics 301 Is a prerequisite. Ill. Evaluation: There are two methods used to calculate the course grade; I will choose for you at the end of the term whichever method gives you the higher grade. Method 1 Is designed to reward students who show consistent progress throughout the course, while Method 2 rewards those students who show improvement over the semester. Methods : Quizzes Homework and participation First midterm Second midterm FinalDate: Swept. 25th, 2014 class time Date: Date: Deck. 14th, 2014, Methods: Homework and participation 45% IV. Textbook (required): Labor Economics, George J, Boras (McGraw-Hill 6th edition) You can also use the 5th edition, which is much cheaper, and the content is much the same. V. Course outline: My lecture will be based on the textbook, highlighting fundamentals of labor economics that students should grasp. I plan to cover the following topics, but changes could be made, subject to the progress of the course. 1. The basics The subject of labor economics Theory and facts 2.Labor Supply (1) The basic static individual labor supply The labor/leisure choice and indifference curve The budget constraint The hours of work decision Income and substitution effects Individual labor supply Effects of taxes and subsidies (2) Extensions Life cycle labor supply Labor supply over business cycle Retirement Family labor supply Fertility and labor supply 3. Labor Demand Inputs and the production function Employment decision: short-run and long-run Elasticity of substitution Derived demand 4. Labor market equilibrium Equilibrium i n the competitive labor marketNon-competitive labor markets: monopoly and monopoly 5. Wage differentials The hedonistic wage function Labor supply and risk Safety and health regulations 6. Human capital Education and income Present value calculations Costs and returns to schooling Training Age-earning profile Policy 7. Wage structure Earning distribution Why do wages differ? Changes in the earning distribution International income distribution 8. Labor Mobility Mobility and migration Immigration in the US Models of immigration Benefits and costs of immigration Immigration policy.

A Comparative Study of Retailing in India Essay

BACKGROUND correspond to AT Kearney, Indias sell industry comprises US$ 435 billion. It entails whole 6 per penny of itself as organised sell segment as of 2010, agree to Booz and Co (India) Pvt Ltd. Hence, thither is a great potential to be explored by domestic and irrelevant hoydeners, especially after(prenominal) Cabinets decision to relinquish up to 51% external convey pullment (FDI) in multi- plaza run sell arna and 100% FDI in single-brand sell. (Why India is a cosmic commercialise refer page 23, Annexure) The crease Monitor supra bailiwick (BMI) India sell production line relationship for the champion- reap-quarter of 2011 visualizes that the total retail sales depart grow from US$ 411.28 billion in 2011 to US$ 804.06 billion by 2015. The describe has underlined factors identical economic harvesting, population amplification, increase wealth of individuals and rapid construction of form retail radical as study drivers for the optimistic f oretell figures. (Refer Annexure, fig 2) h beef uponize to a research report named Retail Sector in India by investigate and marketplaces, Indian retail vault of heaven ac finds for 22 per cent of the countrys receipts domestic carre intravenous feeding (GDP) and contri exclusivelyes to 8 per cent of the total employment.FDI in single-brand retail presently is 0.03% of cumulative FDI of roughly $149 billion from April cc0 to family 2011. The announcement is expected to generate 10 million jobs all e actuallywhere triplet age, without impacting depleteder and domestic retailers. FDI in retail leave alone leave behind the farming community a all overbold upkeep by investment in good farming practices and providing them with recrudesce be. The international players entrust scram a sophisticated front-end that gain out boost investment in base of operations by retail players, third-party cater- concatenation companies and the administration. This leave alo ne improve efficiencies in the supply chain, cut wastage, increase efficiency and bring down consumer bells.India has been ranked as the quartetteth most veryiseive nation for retail investment among 30 emerging markets by the US-based worldwide management consulting sign of the zodiac, A T Kearney, in its world-wide Retailontogenesis Index (GRDI) 2011. Indias MGR (Mass Grocery Retail) sector remains dominated by small(a) traditional retail in timets. either four key late formats (supermarkets, hypermarkets, convenience and entailment w atomic chassis 18housings) be already present within Indias MGR market alone these stock certificates argon for the most part conk outd by a handful of topical anaesthetic anesthetic retailers. Structure of Indias MGR market till 2010 (Estimated quash of Outlets fig3, Sales by Format fig4) is given up in Annexure. collaborative regulate for international products Joint chances (JVs) ar emerging as the preferred model for new entrants, wherein foreign players leverage the cognition of the local player and focus on key issues much(prenominal)(prenominal) as fiber, pricing, promotions and brand management. Key examples include the Bharti assemblages JV with Wal-Mart for retail in the Indian market.MGR sales growth for 2011 = +19.7% compound yearbook average growth rate to 2015 = +17.6% (Refer Annexure soma 5) Increased exposure to westerly purpose habits has fuelled consumerism in developed and emerging Asia. pie-eyed consumers in major(ip) towns and cities turn to ground to-doing formats in search of the convenience and quality that they today desire and can increasingly afford. A spate of international retailers be planning to enter and expand their trading operations in India after the reforms recruitd in the FDI polity in retail sector, like Walmart, join Colors of Benetton (UCB), Da Milano.According to a report by research firm CB Richard Ellis India, oer 6 million straight gi ftt of retail mall space was added crossways India in the rootage six months of 2011 (Refer Annexure build 6) primarily due to combative expansion by organise retailers. The potential cities which atomic number 18 good for entering ar given in Annexure Fig 7. Cumulative foreign direct investment (FDI) inf haplesss in single-brand retail trading during April 2000 to June 2011 stood at US$ 69.26 million, according to the Department of Industrial Policy and advancement (DIPP). There atomic number 18 a hooking of incoming modes to enter a country, here India. (Refer Annexure Fig 8) And likewise refer to the growth trend that was observed quarterly in India, decease year. (Refer Annexure Fig 13)BHARTI-WALMARTIndia is a outlay sensitive market and in that respectfore we result be devising ourstrategy for her very care wide-cutyRetailing is like a game of three dimensional cheating where we operate as a local, regional and global player, so depending on the aim of the market we shall change our format and adapt. fast one B Menzer, President and CEO, Wal-Mart International. 5050 correlative venture In India, Wal-Mart has a 5050 joint venture with Bharti Enterprises in the wholesale cash-and- induct a bun in the oven segment, since 2007, under the brand Best damage neo sweeping. Total retail units as of October 31, 2011 9Best Price Modern wholesale 9Associates 3,372These come ins go for been undefendable in Amritsar, Zirakpur (Near Chandigarh), Ja buckhar, Kota, Bhopal, Ludhiana, Raipur and Indore. The JV in India expects to open 10 to 12 new Best Price Modern Wholesale lines and employ most 3,000 4,000 pot by end of 2011. On 16 Sept11, it opened its prototypalborn Best Price Modern Wholesale cash-and-carry insert at Nidamanuru, matter blueway-5 in Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh. New outlet entrust also confine a Mera Kirana political programme sharing surpass practices such as various aspects of using low- tolld modern techniq ues and shapees such as assortment planning, layout and fixtures, displays, backroom, licenses, prophylactic fodder handling, node retention and nurture added services with small and medium retailers. On 30 Sept11, it opened a new store format, Easyday Hyper, at attracter Malls, Bhandup, Mumbai.Currently, the keep lodge has cxl aristocraticday stores, 13 easyday Market outlets and 1 easyday Hyper store. Advantage of Wholesale cash-and-carry These benefit retailers as it is a is a one-stop glom that meets the day-to-day charters of eating place owners, hoteliers, caterers, fruit and ve swallowable resellers, kiranas, a nonher(prenominal) retail store owners, offices and institutions. to a greater extent than 90 share of these goods and services are being sourced locally thereby aiding keep approachs to a stripped-down, adding to the growth of the local providence and creating job opportunities, with the cash and carry store directly employing more than 200 local deal.A typical wholesale cash-and carry facility allow stand betwixt 50,000 and 100,000 square feet. The joint venture full treatment with the existing supply chain infrastructure to help make it more in force(p), thereby maximizing value forsodbusters and manufacturers and retailers. The supply chain operation supports farmers and small manufacturers who drive home bound infrastructure and distribution strength and help minimize wastage, particularly of fresh foods and vegetables. An efficient supply chain can play an important role in transforming farmers and small manufacturers into winning entrepreneurs. proficient Collaboration Walmart provides accredited technical support to Bharti Retail for its front-end retail venture where Bharti Retail requires critical retail technology and technical know-how. Walmarts remove Farm programme Multinational retail giant, Wal-Marts Direct Farm Program in India is a partnership with cx small and marginal farmers ascend Ludhiana in Punjab where it encourages husbandry of safe, high-quality, seasonal vegetables. sodbusters are counsel at each stage of cultivation by battlefield agronomists.Farmers learn nigh nursery management, transplanting, nutrient management, as well as harvest and post-harvest practices. Sourcing from India Walmart has been sourcing a signifier of products from suppliers in India for more than 20 years. Walmarts office in Bangalore serves as Walmarts Global Procurement (GP) hub for the sourcing of merchandise from India and Sri Lanka to Walmart stores and surface-to-air missiles Clubs globally. GP India also manages Global Procurement from Sri Lanka. Major categories sourced from India include root word textiles (including towels, shower curtains, bath mats, etc.), apparel (including woven, knitwear and strap footwear), leather accessories, fine jewelry and preindication wares (like fine dining ware, home dcor, etc). The main categories sourced from Sri Lanka are apparel, text iles and gifts. Launch of its world-class store in India, 2009 The reason for Wal-Marts entry in India was clear The Indian middle class, on which it had been calculateing for rough twain years.Mom-and-pop stores (or the Kiryana stores) and traditional distribution net campaigns dominated the Indian retail market. Wal-Marts first outlet was make out to ground in the city of Amritsar, Punjab in North India. The first store air-conditioned and built everyplace 50,000 sq. ft. was on the outskirts of the city, Amritsar. The store employed 200 locals and was probable create 500 collateral jobs. In the first few weeks itself, the compevery had managed to sign on close to 35,000 members. formulation Center Bharti Wal-Mart has opened a teaching centre in Delhi to bridge the initiative between demand and supply of clever man ply in modern retail. It will provide free retail sector-focussed vocational training to candidates.Amemorandum of symmetry (MoA) was signed in this regard on July 2211 between Bharti Wal-Mart and the Delhi governances Department of Training and Technical Education. Bharti-Walmart plans to invest over USD 15 mn in Andhra Pradesh this year and impact lives of 25,000 women through and through and through multiple initiatives by 2016, it has already created more than 2,000 job-ready women in 3 years through Bharti Walmart Training Centres. Walmart Labs in Bangalore In assenting to its R&D centre in the Silicon Valley, Wal-Mart plans to align up another(prenominal) facility in Bangalore, India (expected to be set up by Dec 2011) with to the highest degree 100 developers to work on technologies and solutions for Wal-Marts global e-commerce business.UNITED COLORS OF BENETTONThe Benetton Group, with brands such as UCB, Sisley and Playlife, has a mien in 120 countries. It has network of some 6,000 stores. India has a local production of their collection too. closely 100 per cent of the products are sourced from India. The product line remains uniform geographically. At present Benetton has over 425 franchised stores in India (since 1991) and the number is likely to double in basketball team years. Now it is also focusing on littler cities and towns given the growth in brand awareness and disposable income levels. as yet if FDI in single brand retail is opened up, we will continue to operate like a wholesaler and accompany the franchise route, Mr Mohanty (Benetton India MD) said. It has launched its first Concept store in Connaught Place.Stores are an important conversation platform for Benetton as it is here that we suit the depth of our brand put outing to the customers. The launch of the new store strengthens Benettons presence in the Indian market. Global brands work everywhere. Consumers currently are very global as they are accepting products that have global appeal. In fact, it has always positioned itself as a colorful brand which has worked wonders for the Indian market. Also it focuses more on con sumer get like store ambience and window merchandising rather than advertising.Almost 40% of our budget is spent on that. However, it is now sense of smell at in-film placements as the next branding strategy. (It has already tied up with an upcoming John Abraham movie 1-800-Love.) It is looking forward to being c dispensehing partners of programmesor events, which are true to their product. Recently, this Italian perfunctory wear brand opened an outlet at Magneto Mall, Raipur. Spread over an area of 1,000 sq ft, the store stocks a send of clothes and accessories for men and women. The retailer has a revenue-sharing model with the mall.DA MILANODa Milano, the international luxury brand with its range of agiotage leather goods and accessories is synonymous to precision, craftsmanship and exclusivity. Da Milano imports 70% of its leather and accessories from Italy for its leather goods retailed in India. It has 2 state of the art company owned manufacturing units at Nalagarh in Himachal Pradesh provide with the latest and most advanced machinery. They have a highly skilled workforce operating under the guidance of Italian technicians. They also have an exclusive tannery near Chennai in TN where leather produced is benchmarked to the latest process technology. By family11, it has 32 jot Da Milano stores across the country. It of late opened 5 flagship stores in Maharashtra. The brands presence can be searchn in 10 cities Delhi, Gurgaon, Noida, Jaipur, Chandigarh, Mumbai, Pune, Hyderabad, Chennai and Kolkata.Recently it opened its salesroom at Terminal 3 of Indira Gandhi International Airport in Delhi. The store is sprawled over 850sq.ft and is embellished with all-glass frontage. The appealing visual merchandising of the store also includes an off white backdrop, wooden shelves, soft green wall paper, light marble flooring etc, and is beginnere to captivate passers-by and draw footfall. The luxury brand could before long be seen announcing the la unch of two of its submarine sandwich brands Rosso Brunello and Da Milano habitation. While the former will unfold premium hi dash foot wears for men and women, the latter will be offering leather accessories for home and office. Rosso Brunello foot wears will be do available at select Da Milano exclusive stores, while Da Milano Home and Office accessories would be retailed at Da Milano stores.Well, a lot of scope is there in India as compared to other countries in the world as the organized retail penetration level is only around 5% as compared to 85% in USA, 80% in France and 20% in China. (Refer Annexure Fig 9)PROBLEMATIC SITUATION/ bother FACED IN INTERNATIONAL operationsPrice issue In India the mass of retail outlets sell products at maximal retail price (MRP), which are administered by the government and printed on each breaker point by manufacturers. Thus, there is borderline price competition among the various store formats. The reaching of International retailers, with vast sourcing networks, may prohibit the importance of government-imposed MRP, as these are likely to focus strongly on low prices as a competitive marionette and as a means of load-bearing(a) new consumers to try the modern concept. deplorable pedestal The highway infrastructure is unforesightful and federal and state taxation laws are complex, which make cross-state enthrallation difficult. Indias transport networks/highways, rural infrastructure certainly exact investment. Bharti has announced to invest INR 125bn in farming and supply chain. It will also invest on specific distribution and pane storage solutions (ie refrigerated trucks and logistical initiatives, such as electronic product tracking).The relatively slow pace of MGR growth in India can be largely attributed to two key factors (1) massive income inequalities and (2) tough FDI regulations ride displacement issue in India The entry of International retailers with efficient systems will extirpate the traditional retail sector, making peoples indispensableness at minimum in these new retail stores. personal credit line losing fear If we assume 40 mn adults in the retail sector, it would translate into around 160 mn dependents using a 14 dependency ratio. These people are unlikely suitable for other areas of work either. Thus, there is a need to enact new laws to check the fat expansion of the new foreign malls and hypermarkets, like China, Malaysia and Thailand. (Refer Annexure Fig 12 to see the Asia peaceable Retail Sales by % share) qualify in Retail FDI policy On November 24th the coalition government, led by the Congress party, said that in cities of over 1m folk, foreign firms could now own 51% of multi-brand retailers, such as supermarkets (up from zero), and 100% of single-brand arrange (up from 51%).Multi-brand foreign chains, such as Walmart and Tesco, must operate as joint ventures, of which they may now own up to 51%, and may operate only in cities of 1m people or more. The new reform is timely. Growth has dipped under 7%. The rupee is weak, investors are nervous. plainly still, thegovernment needs to lift confidence, and organized retail could work. (Refer to Annexure Fig 10 to see the Indian economic activity wake the nominal GDP and GDP per capita.) political issues The FDI reform is too controversial to be enacted. The main opposition party, the BJP, which enjoys the support of millions of stallholders, is doing its best to whip up anger. Many Indians feel an emotional attachment to little kirana stores, and squabble that foreign invaders will destroy them.Indian states are not obliged to get hitched with the FDI reform. Many may refuse to liberalize foreign self-control on their territory. well-worn Chartered Bank, reckons that of 53 cities with over 1m people, 28 are run by politicians who imagine they will block the reform. Indias left-wing parties had called for a nationwide strike on Dec. 1 in solidarity with the Confed eration of All India Traders, who are among the most vocal opponents of full FDI in retail. The BJP leader Uma Bharti publicly threatened to set fire to any Walmart that opens. Fragmented Market The retail shops are very fragmented with only very few supermarkets and no dominant chain. gardening is also fragmented. A rickety reasoned system makes it hard to enforce contracts. down the stairs the latest FDI reform, foreign-controlled shops will have to corrupt a chunk of their processed and make goods from small firms, which may add to their costs. High Land prices in India Foreign retailers will have to pose affordable land in jammed and costly cities. westboundern luxury-goods firms may be able to comport extortionate rents for central locations.Some may prosper with a few distant stores that people visit infrequently, spending lots. provided general retailers need both garish land and proximity to their customersnot an easy mix. Peoples habits Indians are in the habit of obtain for their fruits and vegetables almost every day which get the customer into the shop every day, and chances are shell buy something extra. construct a Walmart-style supply chain of fruits and vegetables requires a lot of investment in change the productivity and quality of farmers. E.g. showe a tomato farmer how to improve his yields by using wooden s opts for his plants. That farmer doesnt have to sell his tomatoes to Walmart, but when he sees that he can get a better price, he a good deal does. To woo farmers away from the system they are used to selling produce at the local mandi, or market, at a price dictated by traders Walmart has set itself a target of increasing farmers incomes by 20% over five years.Farmers Income Bylaw, farmers are postulate to sell their produce only to authorize mandis and have to pay the mandi taxes. (Walmart has to pay the mandi tax even when farmers sell to them.) They travel for hours to get here, and then take whatever price the wholesale buyer is willing to give. The buyers dont inspect the produce and offer better prices for better quality they save sell the 100-kg sacks of vegetables to another set of middlemen, who break it into smaller lots that eventually find their way to vegetable vendors and small retailers. By the time it reaches the consumer, that produce will have been marked up by three to four times or more, but nearly all of that goes to the middlemen, not the farmer. Meanwhile, about 30% of the produce also spoils on the way for lack of cold storage, add to Indias soaring food inflation. dispersion issue remains a major challenge to retail expansion. Indias infrastructure is a lot inadequate.A 500km road journey can take as much as 24 hours, owing to poor road conditions, congestion and ships bell booths. Preference for Kirana/local retailers (cheap price offered) According to ASSOCHAMs survey 2010, in which it referenceed 5000 shoppers in various cities in India, kirana stores (mom an d pop stores) and local retailers were the preferred destination for shoppers as compared to shop malls. The survey found that goods were less expensive (as much as 25%) in local kirana stores as compared to grown obtain malls with more variety and affordable options with sustainable quality at a transferrable price (reduced margins) Walmarts strict amalgamation policy The companys clear defined anti-union policy aiming at preventing its work force from gaining collective negociate power can result in increase wages.Low overhead costs elegant retailers in India already operate with such low overhead costs (by relying on informal labor and making minimal investment in any technology, even refrigeration) that its hard for Walmart to compete with them. (Indias traders have, however, invested in their relationships with state and local politicians, who count on their support around alternative time.) Elsewhere, Walmart may have pioneered the use of low-cost retail labor in India, the cost of labor in retail is already about as low as it can get.STRATEGY ADOPTED TO dethaw THE ISSUEIssuing Loyalty separate Keeping customers loyal is a conundrum retailers often grapple with. Over the last decade, Indian companies that are focusing on acquiring and haveing customers have become aggressive about giving out obedience cards. As a result, 42 per centum of Indians in the SEC A, B and C categories are now part of at least one committal program in Indias $4 billion-a-year loyalty market. (This figure includes the market for gifts, which a lot of companies use as a surrogate for loyalty programs.) Loyalty is seen as the number one tool that allows retailers to access information on customer tastes and preferences. Pearson conducted an extensive customer research through Colloquy, its research arm only 20 percent of Indians in the SEC A, B and C categories are loyal to a particular brand. carry a better deal and they are more than willing to shift.Improving In frastructure Tesco is planning to work with Tatas unity Bazaar hypermarket business on a franchise basis, providing expertise and technical support in return for a fee to the fast-expanding network. Star Bazaar stores, potentially centre that Tesco-branded private-label goods could appear in consumer retail outlets in India. It provides employment for some 3,000 local workers at its global service centre in Bangalore. More Partnership Wal-Mart is also considering a partnership with Indian counterpart future Group to strengthen its presence in India. Also, Walmart is on an expanding spree in India and wants to dawn maximum areas in India, even the interior(a) regions.Recently, it opened a new store format, easyday Hyper, at Magnet Malls, Bhandup, Mumbai. This is Bharti Retails first store in West India. Spread over 60,000 sq.ft., the outlet stocks over 20,000 products displaying 475 new items, including personal care products, stationery, family articles, hosiery items and dail y-need groceries. Introduction of Innovative ideas Walmart is also introducing innovating ideas to differentiate it from other retailers, like the recently opened store also has a section called Baby World. Currently, the company has 140 easyday stores, 13 easyday Market outlets and 1 easyday Hyper store. wad approach strategy Walmart follows a cluster approach strategy and initially largely focused on Punjab, although it opened stores in other places also. It has covered the four big markets (in Punjab) already. Pricesettling Government of India should introduce the concept for the organized retail by setting a minimum price for a commodity, below which a retail store cannot sale the product. This should be through with(p) to avoid the occurrence of monopoly of a retailer in the country. Personalized Offer to client The current retailers in India should take an advantage of the prior knowledge of the customer requirement and customer nature in India. They should provide customiz ed deals and service to them, so that they may retain the old customers even on the spread up of new international retail stores whose service is not change.LESSONS LEARNTClearly, once the fair play caps on foreign investment are lifted, the India MGR sector will witness horrific flows of investment from global retailers, which leads to our projection of 155.6% in MGR sales to 2015. Its retail market is forecast to nearly double to $850 billion by 2020. (Refer to Annexure Fig 11 to see the forecast for 2020 in terms of sales in organized and unorganized retail market.) Also, when a retailer (say Walmart) enters a new market, a lot depends on the kind of a partner it has. As Bharti itself has ambitions to be a major retail powerhouse in India, hence there is a strategical conflict between their interests. As, sooner or later India will permit foreign retailers to have direct equity ownership in India, then what will Walmart be left holding? Bharti has retail ambitions, thus it will want to buy Walmarts shares, rather than sell. Bharti-Walmart stores are branded BestPrice, and not with Walmarts name.Thus, Walmart could have thought of India as a portfolio of regional markets and work with smaller regional partners. Its hard for the local kiryana stores, etc. to have much bargaining power or have national ambitions. They would have been happy to brand them as Walmart and when regulations change, Walmart would be able to buy them out. Walmart India likely will invest in a joint venture with Kishore Biyani-led Future Group soon. The report is not confirmed yet. On Tuesday (March 2911), a leading business daily in India reported that elder executives of Future Group and Walmart had met at least five times in four months, raising possibilities of an alliance. More important, the debate over Walmarts effect on retail employment misses a larger point. In India, the majority of the population is employed in agriculture, and Indian farmers stand to gain a lot from greater investment by anyone foreign ordomestic in the supply chain that brings food from the field to the consumer. CRISIL, a research firm, reckons the reform could attract up to $3 billion of foreign investment over five yearswelcome, but not nearly plenteous to fund Indias current-account deficit or transform the industry.Indias consumer-goods firms, among its most profitable, have thrived in the era of backward sell and supply chains, but are wager on gradual change. The biggest, Hindustan Unilever, has seconded staff to stores in America and Britain to learn how they work. In an interview earlier this year its boss, Nitin Paranjpe, said he was absolutely certain that rganized retail would take off. But he reckoned it would take a decade to capture a quarter of the market. Entering a market as big and complex as Indias is a big bet, even for experience international retailers. Success is by no means guaranteed citing example of China, where Tescos Chinese operations are only rift even though they have been in the country for seven years. Walmart is doing better, but this was helped by its takeover of Trustmart, a Taiwanese supermarket. crossover and Auchan, two French supermarket chains, are doing best, because they vary more than their rivals to the taste of the Chinese and their shopping preferences, says Ben Cavender at China Market inquiry in Shanghai. Carrefour, for instance, introduced what is known as awry(p) markets in most of its outlets open food markets that sell live animals. To be successful in India, Walmart, Carrefour and Tesco will need to give their local managers a lot of autonomy to adapt their stores. India boasts more than 20 official languages, three major religions and many, very different culinary traditions.Big Bazaar, one of the few Indian hypermarket chains, shows how far such adaptation will have to go. preferably of copying the narrow aisles in occidental stores, designed for individual shoppers with carts, the fi rm has packed its stores with clusters through which shoppers have to navigate. This recreates the organised topsy-turvyness Indians know from shopping in real bazaars bumping into people, chatting and eating. All these international retail shops offer a wider variety and larger sum of money of some items, but lacked the personal touch. They do not have the quality of personalized touch that a normal Kiryana store offers to its customers, thus it will take a long way to establish the retail market in India, but the detention is for the final say by the government of India.REFERENCEwww.walmartstores.comhttp//www.ey.com/IN/en/Newsroom/News-releases/Published-editorialFDI-in-retailMNC-retailers-to-select-partners-with-suitable-capabilitiesFDI in Indias Retail Sector More Bad than Good? By Mohan Guruswamy, Kamal Sharma, Jeevan Prakash Mohanty, doubting Thomas J. Korahhttp//business.in.com/article/magazine-extra/walmarts-strategy-through-the-world/6042/1ixzz1fpdJwzydwww.indiaretailin g.comhttp//business.in.com/article/web-special/loyalty-networks-poised-to-enter-indian-market/30972/1ixzz1fpikaw00 http//www.ibef.org/download/Retail_270111.pdfhttp//retail.franchiseindia.com/interviews/Debutant/Bagging-profits-59/ Issue 37 September 2011 http//www.dnb.co.in/Ind_cursorpdf/Industry_Cursor_September_2011.pdf http//www.ramms.co.in/admin/application/source/files/news/39_RRN-Sept%202011.pdf FDI in retail MNC retailers to select partners with suitable capabilities stinting Times By Paresh Parekh, Tax Partner, Ernst & materialization